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Philosophers
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Herbert Spencer, English Philosopher
Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher, prominent classical liberal political theorist, and sociological theorist of the Victorian era. Spencer developed an all-embra... |
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Leo Tolstoy, Russian Writer
Count Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist and philosopher, considered one of the world's greatest writers.
About 1876 the doubts that had beset Tolstoy since youth, fed by h... |
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche sharply criticized the Greek tradition's over-emphasis on reason in his Die Götzendämmerung (Twilight of the Idols) (1889). Reliance on abstract concepts in a q... |
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Rudolf Steiner, Founder Anthroposophy
Rudolf Steiner was an Austrian philosopher, literary scholar, architect, playwright, educator, and social thinker. He is the founder of anthroposophy, "a movement based o... |
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Rosa Luxemburg, Political Theorist
Rosa Luxemburg was a Polish-born German Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. She was a theorist of the Social Democratic Party of the Kin... |
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Russell, Philosopher & Mathematician
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3d Earl, was a British philosopher, mathematician, and social reformer, b. Trelleck, Wales. Russell had a distinguished background: His g... |
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Albert Schweitzer, Humanitarian
Schweitzer has been called the greatest Christian of his time. He based his personal philosophy on a "reverence for life" and on a deep commitment to serve humanity throu... |
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Morihei Ueshiba, Founder of Aikido
Morihei Ueshiba was a famous martial artist and founder of the Japanese martial art of aikido. He is often referred to as Kaiso, meaning "founder", or Osensei, "Great Tea... |
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Wittgenstein is one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century, and regarded by some as the most important since Immanuel Kant. His early work... |
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Heidegger, German Philosopher
A student of Husserl, whom Heidegger succeeded as professor of philosophy at Freiburg, he was also influenced by Kierkegaard, Dilthey, and Nietzsche. Heidegger's major wo... |
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Karl Popper, Philosophy of Science
The most important philosopher of science since Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Sir Karl Popper finally solved the puzzle of scientific method, which in practice had never see... |
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Jean-Paul Sartre, French Philosopher
Recognizing a connection between the principles of existentialism and the more practical concerns of social and political struggle, Sartre wrote not only philosophical tr... |
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Simone de Beauvoir
Born and educated in Paris, Simone de Beauvoir was among the first women permitted to complete a program of study at the École Normale Supérieure. Through her lifelong fr... |
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Michel Foucault, French Philosopher
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher and historian. He held a chair at the Collège de France, giving it the title "History of Systems of Thought" and taught at the Un... |
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Noam Chomsky
Chomsky is one of the most well-known figures of the American left. His traditional definition of himself is a anarchist, a political philosophy he summarizes as seeking... |
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